How does an electrode (ground rod) radiate current when driven into earth of uniform resistivity?

An electrode, such as a ground rod, radiates current in all directions when it is driven into earth of uniform resistivity. This occurs because the current flowing through the electrode disperses into the surrounding soil, creating an electric field. The uniform resistivity of the earth allows for an isotropic distribution of the electrical charge, meaning that the current can flow outward in a spherical pattern from the electrode.

This dispersion is important for the effectiveness of grounding systems, as it ensures that the current is not only confined to a single area but is able to influence a larger volume of the surrounding earth. By radiating in all directions, the ground rod effectively connects electrical systems to the earth, providing a path for fault currents and stabilizing voltage levels. The grounding process protects both the electrical equipment and users by safely dispersing excess electricity.